University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Study GeopoliticsEffects of Relations Turkey and Israel on Profits Iran in Caspian Area Study GeopoliticsEffects of Relations Turkey and Israel on Profits Iran in Caspian Area 195 218 52972 10.22059/jcep.2014.52972 FA Shahrooz Ebrahimi Assisstant Professor, Faculty of International Relations, University of Isfahan Taleb Ebrahimi M.A. of International Relations Journal Article 2013 10 09 Abstract <br />the overall focus of the Caspian Sea security is shaped in four geopolitical areas contain the Caucasus,(Azerbaijan), Central Asia( Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan), Russia,( USSR) a political unit in the international system which is one of the largest exporters of oil and gas in the North, And Iran with huge reserves of oil and gas and oil industries in the south,. these important geopolitical areas factor in the global powers, especially America and its regional allies Turkey and Israel to interfere in prestine area. This paper aims to examine the relations between Turkey and Israel and its impact on the interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran's in the Caspian Sea. The main question is what the development of relations between Turkey and Israel might be influence over Iran's interests in the Caspian? The article claims that Turkey-Israel alliance threaten western borders of the Caspian and might cause more focus and resources expend in regional policy. The method of this paper, due to its speculative nature, descriptive -. Notably, the approach in this paper to analyze geographical data - the geopolitical Abstract <br />the overall focus of the Caspian Sea security is shaped in four geopolitical areas contain the Caucasus,(Azerbaijan), Central Asia( Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan), Russia,( USSR) a political unit in the international system which is one of the largest exporters of oil and gas in the North, And Iran with huge reserves of oil and gas and oil industries in the south,. these important geopolitical areas factor in the global powers, especially America and its regional allies Turkey and Israel to interfere in prestine area. This paper aims to examine the relations between Turkey and Israel and its impact on the interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran's in the Caspian Sea. The main question is what the development of relations between Turkey and Israel might be influence over Iran's interests in the Caspian? The article claims that Turkey-Israel alliance threaten western borders of the Caspian and might cause more focus and resources expend in regional policy. The method of this paper, due to its speculative nature, descriptive -. Notably, the approach in this paper to analyze geographical data - the geopolitical

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Eurasian Energy Equation and Pragmatism of Russia Eurasian Energy Equation and Pragmatism of Russia 219 235 52974 10.22059/jcep.2014.52974 FA Ghodrat Ahmadian Hadis Moradi Journal Article 2013 12 28 The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the start of a new era in international relations. When Russia's power and influence weakened, some newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus have taken tendency toward relation with west. For Europe resource of new countries notably oil and gas was very important for independent from Russia energy. West’s attitude to former USSR and enlargement of NATO to east, western support for the colour revolutions in region, and Missile Defense of NATO have big dangerous for Russia’s security. The Kremlin has portrayed Russia as a victim of NATO and Western expansionism. This problems create Russia’s new assertiveness and the role of energy as a key factor in shaping the country ̓s behavior in international relations, and in building political and economic power domestically, Moscow want to increase Europe’s dependence on Russian energy supplies therefore this country try control energy productions axis and transits axis in central Asia, Caucasus and West Europe. This paper tries explaining Russia’s behavior about energy with defensive realism. The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union marked the start of a new era in international relations. When Russia's power and influence weakened, some newly independent states of Central Asia and the Caucasus have taken tendency toward relation with west. For Europe resource of new countries notably oil and gas was very important for independent from Russia energy. West’s attitude to former USSR and enlargement of NATO to east, western support for the colour revolutions in region, and Missile Defense of NATO have big dangerous for Russia’s security. The Kremlin has portrayed Russia as a victim of NATO and Western expansionism. This problems create Russia’s new assertiveness and the role of energy as a key factor in shaping the country ̓s behavior in international relations, and in building political and economic power domestically, Moscow want to increase Europe’s dependence on Russian energy supplies therefore this country try control energy productions axis and transits axis in central Asia, Caucasus and West Europe. This paper tries explaining Russia’s behavior about energy with defensive realism.

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Explanation of Relationships of Iran and Azerbaijan Republic with Constructivism Approac1 Explanation of Relationships of Iran and Azerbaijan Republic with Constructivism Approac1 237 264 52977 10.22059/jcep.2014.52977 FA Rasoul Afzali Associate Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran Seyyed Mohammad Seyyedi Asl Master of Political Geography, University of Tehran Abolghasem Mahmoudi Master of Political Geography, University of Tehran Journal Article 2013 12 20 Along with breakdown of Soviet Union, political geographical system as well as meaning construction of central Asia and Caucasus changed dramatically. Thus new structure, necessities, and actors have emerged in relations between Iran and countries locating in Caucasus. One of these countries is Azerbaijan. Iran-Azerbaijan relationship is of high significance from different aspects. After Azerbaijan independence, collaborations of high level expected between these two countries, but in reality, we see low level, normal, conflicting, and chaotic relations. One of these theories is constructivism viewpoint. Considering the concept of constructivism approach, the main research question is: what were the most influence factors on the chill in relations between Iran and Azerbaijan?<br />Finding research by using analytical-descriptive method shows (indicative) relations between Iran and Azerbaijan doesn’t have much impact from geopolitical factors. On the other hand according to constructivism approach, relations between these two countries, influenced by cultural, social, economical and political structures. These structures act as divergent bilateral relations. Along with breakdown of Soviet Union, political geographical system as well as meaning construction of central Asia and Caucasus changed dramatically. Thus new structure, necessities, and actors have emerged in relations between Iran and countries locating in Caucasus. One of these countries is Azerbaijan. Iran-Azerbaijan relationship is of high significance from different aspects. After Azerbaijan independence, collaborations of high level expected between these two countries, but in reality, we see low level, normal, conflicting, and chaotic relations. One of these theories is constructivism viewpoint. Considering the concept of constructivism approach, the main research question is: what were the most influence factors on the chill in relations between Iran and Azerbaijan?<br />Finding research by using analytical-descriptive method shows (indicative) relations between Iran and Azerbaijan doesn’t have much impact from geopolitical factors. On the other hand according to constructivism approach, relations between these two countries, influenced by cultural, social, economical and political structures. These structures act as divergent bilateral relations.

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 The Study of Gender Empowerment functions in Development of Women’s Political Participation Case: countries of the Central Asia and the Caucasus The Study of Gender Empowerment functions in Development of Women’s Political Participation Case: countries of the Central Asia and the Caucasus 265 289 52979 10.22059/jcep.2014.52979 FA Zahra Pishgahifard Assiciate Professor of Political Geography, University of Tehran Mohammad Zohdi Goharpour PhD student of Political Geography, University of Tehran Arezoo Abedinirad M.A in Geography and Rural Planning, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2013 10 03 promote gender empowerment indicators of women's political participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus have been estimated and the status of women's political participation and economic participation have two dimensions . Continuing with the analysis of qualitative content analysis results are profound and logical evidence , the current status of women in the region have identified two areas of political and economic participation . The results show that poor infrastructure , rule of totalitarian political systems , the deep impact of the former communist regime , poor educational and cultural structures of domination and patriarchy and women's negative attitude to the political nature of most of the few women's political participation countries in the study are noted promote gender empowerment indicators of women's political participation in Central Asia and the Caucasus have been estimated and the status of women's political participation and economic participation have two dimensions . Continuing with the analysis of qualitative content analysis results are profound and logical evidence , the current status of women in the region have identified two areas of political and economic participation . The results show that poor infrastructure , rule of totalitarian political systems , the deep impact of the former communist regime , poor educational and cultural structures of domination and patriarchy and women's negative attitude to the political nature of most of the few women's political participation countries in the study are noted

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Scrutiny of Measure's Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) to Combat Human Trafficking as a Global Issue Scrutiny of Measure's Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) to Combat Human Trafficking as a Global Issue 291 318 52981 10.22059/jcep.2014.52981 FA Mohammad Hassan Sheikholeslami Assisstant Professor, Faculty of International Relations Mostafa Khorami Master Student of Diplomacy and International Organizations, Faculty of International Relations Journal Article 2013 11 07 Human Trafficking is an international issue that has caused national and international responses. The UN resolutions and conventions responded through to encourage states in order to criminalization and legislation. This issue is propounded International Organizations, for example ECO. The ECO member states has-been dealt with this issue. This study is based on descriptive-analytic method, and emphasis on functionalism approaches. ECO measures to combat Human Trafficking, is width takes place. The first: concern of this issue in the Meetings of Ministers and Experts Group. The second: technical cooperation with International Organizations such as "IOM "and INTERPOL". The third: cooperation between the member states of ECO. The ECO cooperate between member states resort by legal measures and arrangements, meetings of the judicial-law enforcement, information exchange, management and control of borders, and police cooperation. Finally The ECO member states come to conclude that regional police "ECOPOL" is necessary to establishment. Establishment of the "ECOPOL" can be an effective step in overcoming Transnational Organized Crime, including Human Trafficking. Human Trafficking is an international issue that has caused national and international responses. The UN resolutions and conventions responded through to encourage states in order to criminalization and legislation. This issue is propounded International Organizations, for example ECO. The ECO member states has-been dealt with this issue. This study is based on descriptive-analytic method, and emphasis on functionalism approaches. ECO measures to combat Human Trafficking, is width takes place. The first: concern of this issue in the Meetings of Ministers and Experts Group. The second: technical cooperation with International Organizations such as "IOM "and INTERPOL". The third: cooperation between the member states of ECO. The ECO cooperate between member states resort by legal measures and arrangements, meetings of the judicial-law enforcement, information exchange, management and control of borders, and police cooperation. Finally The ECO member states come to conclude that regional police "ECOPOL" is necessary to establishment. Establishment of the "ECOPOL" can be an effective step in overcoming Transnational Organized Crime, including Human Trafficking.

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 The Obstacles of Formation Civil Society in Russia The Obstacles of Formation Civil Society in Russia 319 334 52982 10.22059/jcep.2014.52982 FA Elaheh Koolaei Professor of Regional Studies, University of Tehran 0000-0001-9655-0995 Farzad Kalbali Graduated Ph.D. of Political Science, University of Tehran Journal Article 2014 03 09 For many political observers, the collapse of the Soviet Union would lead to accelerate the process of democratization in all the remained countries from this event, especially Russia. But very soon it was clear that the country is confronted with many critical obstacles in this way. The considerable weakness of the civil society and its institutions along with the legacy of centralized power in Russia make the process of democratization very complicated. The main question of this paper is: what are the obstacles of emerging civil society institutions in Russia after the disintegration of the Russian Federation? Other questions to answers this question is: the different definitions of the civil society and its basic organs. The authors’ hypothesis is that “the weakening elements of civil society in Russia are the factors of production and reproduction of inequality in Russia”. The authors gathered their needed data from internet and available sources, and analysis them with descriptive- analytical method. For many political observers, the collapse of the Soviet Union would lead to accelerate the process of democratization in all the remained countries from this event, especially Russia. But very soon it was clear that the country is confronted with many critical obstacles in this way. The considerable weakness of the civil society and its institutions along with the legacy of centralized power in Russia make the process of democratization very complicated. The main question of this paper is: what are the obstacles of emerging civil society institutions in Russia after the disintegration of the Russian Federation? Other questions to answers this question is: the different definitions of the civil society and its basic organs. The authors’ hypothesis is that “the weakening elements of civil society in Russia are the factors of production and reproduction of inequality in Russia”. The authors gathered their needed data from internet and available sources, and analysis them with descriptive- analytical method.

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Globalization and Regionalism: the Interaction or Contrast (the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)) Globalization and Regionalism: the Interaction or Contrast (the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)) 335 353 52983 10.22059/jcep.2014.52983 FA Mahnaz Goodarzi Assisstant Professor, Azad University, Isfahan, Khorashan Branch, International Relations Department, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2013 11 11 Today, With the increasing trend countries towards globalization, Regionalism is also considered And regional organizations have been formed in many parts of the world geopolitical.. One of the manifestations of regionalism are regional organizations that In the second half of the twentieth century as a means to achieve regional integration in geographic areas with different functions in the economic, political and military, have been developed. One of the most important geopolitical regions in Central Asia, which has formed several organizations that can be considered the most important of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether today the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism is considered? In response to it can be argued that, given that the first meeting of the board members stated that The purpose of establishing this organization is ensuring security in the Central Asian region, supporting the process of moving towards a multipolar system and the democratization of the international system , Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism, Under development Parallel with the globalization. Today, With the increasing trend countries towards globalization, Regionalism is also considered And regional organizations have been formed in many parts of the world geopolitical.. One of the manifestations of regionalism are regional organizations that In the second half of the twentieth century as a means to achieve regional integration in geographic areas with different functions in the economic, political and military, have been developed. One of the most important geopolitical regions in Central Asia, which has formed several organizations that can be considered the most important of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. This paper seeks to answer the question of whether today the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism is considered? In response to it can be argued that, given that the first meeting of the board members stated that The purpose of establishing this organization is ensuring security in the Central Asian region, supporting the process of moving towards a multipolar system and the democratization of the international system , Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the new regionalism, Under development Parallel with the globalization.

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 The policy of Islamic Republic of Iran and EU in southern Caucasia, conflict or collaboration The policy of Islamic Republic of Iran and EU in southern Caucasia, conflict or collaboration 355 374 52984 10.22059/jcep.2014.52984 FA Masoud Motallebi Assistant Professor of Political Science, Azad University, Azadshahr Branch Seyyed Mohammadreza Mousavi Master Student of Regional Studies, Allameh Tabatabaei University Hosseinali Tooti PhD Student of International Relations, Kharazmi University Journal Article 2013 11 15 view. In this paper, the question of influence in the South Caucasus and Europe Union foreign policy . A. Iran 's regional interests can be defined both in terms of cooperation or conflict , has developed the hypothesis that the objectives and activities of the Union of Europe in the Caucasus show that not only the conflict of the conflict between the interests of and the there is no union , but also in creating stability and economic development in the region, and interests are also taking a look at the system of internal and external factors such Caucasus, Iran and Europe have concluded that the interests if you are in this region and work together more benefits will accrue to both parties .world. The method used in this research is descriptive , analytical study is . view. In this paper, the question of influence in the South Caucasus and Europe Union foreign policy . A. Iran 's regional interests can be defined both in terms of cooperation or conflict , has developed the hypothesis that the objectives and activities of the Union of Europe in the Caucasus show that not only the conflict of the conflict between the interests of and the there is no union , but also in creating stability and economic development in the region, and interests are also taking a look at the system of internal and external factors such Caucasus, Iran and Europe have concluded that the interests if you are in this region and work together more benefits will accrue to both parties .world. The method used in this research is descriptive , analytical study is .

University of Tehran Central Eurasia Studies 2008-0867 7 2 2014 09 23 Turkey’s Developmental Foreign Policy during the AKP Period: The Caucasian Case Turkey’s Developmental Foreign Policy during the AKP Period: The Caucasian Case 375 393 52985 10.22059/jcep.2014.52985 FA Ahmad Movassaghi Associate Professor, Political Science Deprtment, University of Tehran Shiva Alizadeh PhD Student of Regional Studies, University of Tehran Journal Article 2013 10 02 Caucasus has been an important region for Turkey since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This importance emanates from the region’s own natural resources, its position at the crossroads of the oil and gas rich regions of the world and chronic political instability and security threats. Turkey as the key neighbour of the Caucasus has experienced state – led fundamental and structural changes which have culminated in strengthening productive and industrial foundations. Foreign policy has also been affected by the process of economic development. Although Turkish foreign policy has been shaped by different factors, AKP’s Islamic trends, leads us to investigate the main determinants of Turkish foreign policy since 2002. We have come to this conclusion: Despite AKP’s Islamic trends, developmental goals and concerns are still the first priority of Turkish foreign policy and Turkey’s attitude towards the Caucasus region, which is located along one of the most important energy transit corridors of the world and provides Turkey’s increasingly growing industries and Anatoli’s SMEs with vast energy resources and a relatively lucrative market. Caucasus has been an important region for Turkey since the collapse of the Soviet Union. This importance emanates from the region’s own natural resources, its position at the crossroads of the oil and gas rich regions of the world and chronic political instability and security threats. Turkey as the key neighbour of the Caucasus has experienced state – led fundamental and structural changes which have culminated in strengthening productive and industrial foundations. Foreign policy has also been affected by the process of economic development. Although Turkish foreign policy has been shaped by different factors, AKP’s Islamic trends, leads us to investigate the main determinants of Turkish foreign policy since 2002. We have come to this conclusion: Despite AKP’s Islamic trends, developmental goals and concerns are still the first priority of Turkish foreign policy and Turkey’s attitude towards the Caucasus region, which is located along one of the most important energy transit corridors of the world and provides Turkey’s increasingly growing industries and Anatoli’s SMEs with vast energy resources and a relatively lucrative market.