Failed State and Transformation of Political System in Afghanistan and Its Consequences

Introduction: Since the Bon conference in 2001, special vision was considered for Afghanistan by its international supporters and domestic partners. This view can be summed up in achieving security and sustainable development in Afghanistan. However, with the passage of two decades, what was imagined in this vision did not come true and the system that was founded in Bon collapsed. Using the concept of the failed state, this research examines the reasons for the collapse of the Islamic republic of Afghanistan in 2021.
Research questions: The main research question is: what factors caused the fall of Islamic Republic or Afghanistan?
In order to answer the main research question, the sub-questions have been answered. What role the foreigners played in the collapse of Afghan government? What role did the social factors play  in overthrowing the government? What role has the government played in the evolution of the republican system?
Research hypothesis: The hypothesis of this research is the bankruptcy of government and factors such as “restricted republic, failure to provide security and management of the country’s economy” have caused the fall of government. Many experts believe that phenomena such as terrorism and drug trafficking have their roots in bankrupt governments.
Methodology and theoretical framework: To study of the hypothesis of this research, the method of qualitative analysis of variables has been used and the data was collected through library. The authors of this article have used the theoretical framework of the bankrupt government. The restricted republic was formed by narrowing the circle of participation, destroying the structure and mechanisms of elections and also due to the inefficiency of the institutions of the system which was based on the separation of powers caused the fragility of the government. Wide social, religious, and ethnic divisions have made the system out of integrity and made security dependent on foreign powers. The lack of a proper security doctrine and reliance on the foreigner forces caused the government’s inability to provide security. The inability to meet the country’s economic needs with the convergence of the above two factors and the effect of its increasing fragility disrupted one of the main tasks of the government, which is providing welfare and extensive administrative corruption as well as dependence on foreign aid intensified the inefficiency of the government in providing welfare.
Results and discussion: According to the indicators of the theoretical framework of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan in the last two decades, it can be considered a clear example of a bankrupt and failed state. People like Koolaee, Samii Esfahani and Akbari, believe that the bankruptcy of the government depends on the destruction of the previous political system. The republic system is not created and example of this issue and of course the fall of political system can be attributed to several decades ago, which has not been repaired yet.
This also applies to Afghanistan and the neighboring countries in the north and south have always been influenced by the fragility of the Afghan governments. Among the conducted research, Sadr believes that the concept of Satanic republic in Afghanistan is in consistent with the theoretical framework of this research, one of the factors of the fall of the government in Afghanistan is related to limited participation in the political system. The government’s failure to provide public welfare in fragile states, and from this point of view, the results of this research, which is based on a bankrupt government, is one of the indicators of inefficiency. This is due to widespread corruption, dependence on foreign aids and lack of clear economic plan.
Several researches have emphasized the irresponsible withdrawal of the United States and its coalition forces from Afghanistan. Although this factor, the fragility of the government and its collapse has been very effective in Afghanistan, but according to the theoretical framework of the research, the withdrawal of the American forces and its allies is not the main cause of the collapse of the government in Afghanistan. Rather, the problem is that the Afghan government has not had the characteristics of an efficient political system in this decade and foreign aid has not been able to empower it.
Conclusion: The findings of the research show that the government’s inability to provide internal security, maintain territorial integrity and border protection, widespread corruption due to ethnic discrimination, inefficient judicial system, systematic financial corruption, lack of independence in foreign policy can be considered as one of the factors of fragility of states and eventually the fall of the governments. Other factors, such as the widwspread activity of opposition fighters, as well as the irresponsible withdrawal of American and NATO forces should be considered as aggravating factors and catalysts in this matter, not the the main factor. In fact, after the fall of the imperial system in the 50’s, the subsequent political systems in Afghanistan can be called as fragile systems, but the republican system can be analyzed as a fragile system from the point of view that even a series of extensive foreign aid could not stabilize and empower it, so the researchers should focus on the internal factors that are hidden in the social and cultural system of Afghanistan.