Modernity in Ismail Gasprinski’s Thoughts and its Influence on Russian Muslims

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Russia Studies Department, Faculty of Global Studies, University of Tehran

2 M.A. in History of Central Asia and the Caucasus, University of Tehran

Abstract

In the nineteenth century, the European countries were developing and progressing rapidly. Russia had turned into a vast empire striving to join the European countries. In this period, the Islamic world was undergoing a process of modernity and reformation. Russian Muslims were under subjugation and Russianization and Christianization were enforced in their society. They attempted to modernize their social life. Ismail Gasprinski (1851-1914) was a Muslim intellectual thinkers, who being aware of backwardness of Muslims compared to the rest of the world, and with his reformist ideas, tried to offer solutions to save his religious and national identity and at the same time modernize his society. The present paper answers the following question: What are the main components of Ismail Gasprinski’s thoughts and what was its influence on Russian Muslims? This paper underscores that Gasprinski with his modern endeavors like publishing periodicals, presenting modern pedagogical principles, building modern schools based on European models, and holding conferences for Muslims in Russia, paved the way for Russian Muslim modernists. In a way, he caused a movement called Jadidiye in Caucasia and Central Asia.

Keywords


  1. الف) فارسی

    1. بنیگسن، الکساندر و مری براکس­آپ (1370)، مسلمانان شوروی گذشته حال آینده، ترجمۀ کاوه بیات، تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی.
    2. راشدی، حسن (1392)، «مروری بر زندگی و فعالیت ادبی - اجتماعی و سیاسی اسماعیل‌بیک قاسپیرالی نخستین اندیشمند ناسیونالیست جهان تورک»، http://www.far.baybak.com، (تاریخ دسترسی: 1/3/1396).
    3. رئیس­نیا، رحیم (1387)، «جراید مسلمانان‌ روسیه‌ و تاتارستان»، دانشنامۀ جهان اسلام، تهران: بنیاد دایره­المعارف بزرگ اسلامی، جلد 10، صص 139-129.
    4. رئیس­نیا، رحیم (1379)، «جدیدها (نهضت جدیدیه)»، دانشنامۀ جهان اسلام، تهران: انتشارات دایره­المعارف بزرگ اسلامی، جلد 9، صص 757-740.
    5. عینی، صدرالدین (1381)، تاریخ انقلاب فکری در بخارا، تهران: انتشارات سروش.
    6. محمد امین­اف، عبدالحی (1386)، «اسماعیل بیک غسپرالی و ادیبان تاجیک»، رودکی (فصلنامۀ رایزنی فرهنگی ج.ا.ایران در تاجیکستان)، سال 8، شمارۀ ­16، صص 167-157.
    7. مسلمانیان قبادیانی، رحیم (1386)، «نهضت جدیدیه در بخارا»، کتاب ماه ادبیات، دورۀ 10، شمارۀ 9، صص 22-32.
    8. وبگاه رایزنی فرهنگی جمهوری اسلامی ایران- مسکو (1390)، «بزرگداشت اسماعیل گاسپرینسکی»، http://moscow.icro.ir/index.aspx?siteid=121&pageid=11611&newsview=564835، (تاریخ دسترسی: 6/4/1394).

     

    ب) انگلیسی

     

    1. Bowman, Inci (2014), “Ismail Bey Gaspirali (1851-1914)”, Official Website for Gaspirali, Available at: http://www.iccrimea.org/gaspirali/gasptimeline.html, (Accessed on: 20/10/2013).
    2. Encyclopedia Iranica (2008), “Jadidism”, Available at: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jadidism, (Accessed on: 15/9/2012).
    3. Fisher, Alen W. (1998), “A Model Leader for Asia, Ismail Gaspirali”, in: Edward A. Allworth (ed.), The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland, 1988, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, pp.29–47.  Available at: http://www.iccrimea.org/gaspirali/fisher.html, (Accessed on: 25/10/2013).
    4. Kaldybekovich, Bazarbayev Kanat (2013), “Tursun Hazret and Sadykova Raikhan, Jadidism as an Educational System and a Political Movement in Turkestan (Central Asia)”, International Education Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 85-94.
    5. Khalid, Adeeb (1998), The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform, Jadidism in Central Asia, Berkeley: University of California Press.
    6. Lazzerini, Edward J. (1992), Ismail Bey Gasprinskii’s Perevodchik/Tercüman: A Clarion of Modernism”, in: H. B. Paksoy (ed.), Central Asian Monuments, Istanbul: Isis Press, pp. 143-156.  
      1. Rizaeddin Kadi Fahreddin (1914), “Ismail Bey Gasprinski, 1851-1914”, Shura, No. 21, pp. 641-644, Available at: http://www.iccrimea.org/gaspirali/fahreddin.html, (Accessed on: 5/6/2017).
    7. Togan, Z. V. (1991), “Gasprinski Ismail”, Enciklopedia of Islam, Vol. 2, pp. 979-981.

    ج) ترکی

    1. Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey (1885), Avrupa Medeniyetine Bir Nazar-ı Muvazene, Konstantiniye [İstanbul]: Matbaa-I Ebizziya.
    2. Gasprinskii, Ismail Bey, (1903), Bizlard Lisan ve Meslek-i Umumi Olabilir mi ya Yok? , Konstantiniye [İstanbul]:  Matbaa-I Ebizziy.

     

    د) روسی

    1. Азат, Ахунов (2002), “Не просто Джадидизм-Жадидлар Харакати”, Official Website for Gaspirali, Available at: http://fazio.club/k/301.php, (Accessed on: 18/10/2013).