نقش سازمان‌های بین‌المللی در حمایت از حقوق کودکان در جنگ در افغانستان (2001 تا 2021)

Introduction: The defense of human rights, especially the children’s rights in Afghanistan, was repeatedly raised by the United States during the Presidency of George W. Bush and international organizations as one of the main justifications for the 2001 military intervention and the two decades of international presence that followed. Children were symbolically seen as both victims of long-term conflicts and as the foundations of a peaceful and sustainable future. Accordingly, extensive resources were allocated, international experts were deployed, and numerous child-focused programs were implemented between 2001 and 2021, ranging from education and health initiatives to broader frameworks for child protection and well-being. Despite this extensive engagement, Afghan children continued to face chronic vulnerabilities, including poverty, exposure to violence, lack of access to education, and persistent insecurity.
Research question: The main question, therefore, is whether international efforts over the last two decades have been successful in providing sustainable support for children's rights in Afghanistan and what obstacles have prevented the establishment of a sustainable framework for such support.
Research hypothesis: The hypothesis is that this failure has not been primarily due to a lack of funding or a lack of activities, but rather to a structural and contextual mismatch between international strategies and Afghan realities. This mismatch has manifested itself in the form of a persistent “adaptation gap,” that is, a disconnect between the ambitious commitments of international actors and the limited impact of their interventions on the ground.
Methodology and theoretical framework: This study applies a qualitative research design with a descriptive-analytical approach. The methodology combines document and text analysis of official reports, legal documents, policy statements, and statistical data from international organizations, non-state actors, and Afghan government institutions. The descriptive dimension reconstructs the situation of Afghan children in relation to education, health, social welfare, and protection from violence. The analytical dimension critically assesses the effectiveness of international interventions, highlights structural and cultural barriers, and examines why declared commitments have not been translated into sustainable results.
Results and discussion: The findings show that international organizations and their interventions suffer from a profound and persistent lack of legitimacy, which significantly undermines their ability to bring about lasting change. Several interrelated factors explain these results:

Cultural and religious norms: deeply rooted patriarchal structures and rigid social expectations resisted the liberal rights discourse promoted by international actors and prevented the acceptance of externally designed child protection frameworks.
Corruption in government institutions: widespread mismanagement and diversion of aid resources have undermined transparency and fair service delivery, further reducing public trust.
Weakness of civil society: Afghanistan lacked strong and independent civil society organizations that could ensure local ownership and continuity. International projects often remained externally led, dependent on donor funding, and unsustainable after the departure of foreign actors.
Neglect of peace-building: Many child-focused programs have been introduced without parallel efforts to secure stability and peace. Such initiatives cannot produce sustainable results in situations where conflict and insecurity persist.
Insufficient integration of rights-based approaches: Instead of embedding reforms in Afghan national institutions and promoting local legitimacy, international organizations have often ignored or marginalized state structures, leaving reforms fragile and disconnected from Afghan governance.

Conclusion: Taken together, these factors created what this study calls an “Adaptation Gap.” This gap was not simply a result of poor implementation, but was the product of deeper structural misalignments between global strategies and the political, cultural, and institutional realities of Afghanistan. International commitments were ambitious and often convincing on the surface, but they failed to resonate with local actors, institutions, and communities, producing temporary and externally dependent outcomes.
The study concludes that the shortcomings in protecting children's rights in Afghanistan during 2001-2021 were rooted less in a lack of resources than more in flawed assumptions, structural barriers, and the lack of legitimacy. International actors were unable to bridge the gap between their stated commitments and the needs and expectations of Afghan society. Thus, the hypothesis is confirmed: the disconnect between global strategies and Afghan realities created an adaptation gap that limited international interventions to short-term relief rather than systemic change.
The case of Afghanistan highlights a larger lesson for international support for children's rights in post-conflict societies. Sustainable protection cannot be achieved through humanitarian rhetoric, funding, or externally imposed frameworks alone. This requires legitimacy that comes from local trust, strengthened national institutions, the active participation of an independent civil society, and peace as the foundation for rights-based development. Without these conditions, even large-scale international interventions are insufficient to provide sustainable protection for vulnerable children.