پایداری یا ناپایداری گذار روسیه به مردم‌سالاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار روابط بین‌الملل گروه علوم سیاسی دانشگاه مازندران

2 دانشجوی دکتری سیاست تطبیقی و مدرس دانشگاه- مونیخ آلمان

چکیده

تجربۀ دو خیزش انقلابی روسیه در قرن بیستم که از یک‌سو نظم اقتصادی- اجتماعی نوینی را ایجاد کرده است و از سوی دیگر، بسترهای چرخش نظام سیاسی از پادشاهی به یک جمهوری مردم‌سالار و سپس دولت شورویایی و سرانجام جمهوری برپایۀ ریاست جمهوری را در آخرین دهۀ قرن بیستم آماده کرده است، جنبش‌های مردم‌سالارخواه شناخته می‌شود. در این پیوند، فروپاشی اتحاد شوروی و بروز نظم نوین، به‌‌عنوان جهشی به‌سوی مردم‌سالاری شناخته شده است. بنابراین، با وجود بسترسازی‌های گوناگون برای گذار به‌سوی مردم‌سالاری در یک قرن گذشته، هنوز روسیه در نوسان بین مردم‌سالاری و اقتدارگرایی قرار دارد. پرسش اصلی این است که چرا فرآیند دموکراتیک‌سازی در روسیه ناکام بوده است. فرضیۀ اصلی نوشتار بر تقابل ادراک نخبگان و توده‌ها از مفهوم مردم‌سالاری، فرهنگ سیاسی روسیه، ضعف جامعۀ مدنی، اقتصاد سیاسی دولتی، پیشینۀ امنیتی نخبگان سیاسی و سیاست‌های پوتین بنا شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Consistency and Inconsistency of Russia’s Transition to Democracy

نویسندگان [English]

  • Aliakbar Jafari 1
  • Vahid Zolfaghari 2
1 Associate Professor of International Relations, University of Mazandaran, Iran
2 PhD Student in Comparative Politics, Munich, Germany
چکیده [English]

Experience of double revolutionary upheavals in Russia during the 20th century which produced a new socio-economic regularity on one hand and changed the political system from monarchial to democratic republic and then soviet state and finally presidential republic at the end of 20th century on the other hand are treated as democratic movements. In this regard, crumbling of ex-soviet regime and blooming of new order has been behaved as mutation toward democracy. Hence, despite of various attempts on crossing toward democracy during the last century, Russia is oscillating between democracy and authoritarianism. The main question of this paper is that why the democratization process were ill-fated in Russia? The main hypothesis of this research emphasizes on polarity between elites and masses over the concept of democracy, political culture of Russia, security background of political elites, putinism and economic structure of the state.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • authoritarianism
  • Democracy
  • political culture
  • Putinism
  • Russia

مراجع

  1. الف) فارسی

    1. ابوالحسن شیرازی، حبیب­الله و قدرت­الله بهبودی­نژاد (1395)، «تغییر رویکرد پوتین در سیاست خارجی نوین روسیه»، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، دورۀ 9، شمارۀ 1، صص 17-1.

    2. کرمی، جهانگیر (1384)، تحولات سیاست خارجی روسیه، هویت دولت و مسئلۀ غرب، تهران: دفتر مطالعات سیاسی و بین­المللی.

    3. کولایی، الهه و فرزاد کلبعلی (1393)، «موانع شکل­گیری جامعۀ مدنی در روسیه»، مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، دورۀ 7، شمارۀ 2، صص. 334-319.

     

    ب) انگلیسی

    1. Aron, Leon (2007), Russia’s Revolution, Washington D.C.: AEI Press.
    2. Aron, Leon (2013), “The Political Economy of Russian Oil and Gas”, AEI Outlook Series, Available at: http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/88360299/political-economy-russian-oil-gas, pp. 1-10, (Accessed on: 12/3/2015).
    3. Colton, Timothy and Michael McFaul (2003), “Russian Democracy under Putin”, Journal of Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 12-21, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2003.11656043, (Accessed on: 19/11/ 2013).
    4. Dahl, R. (1971), Polyarchy, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press.
    5. Evans, Alfred B. (2008), “Putin’s Legacy and Russia’s Identity”, Europe- Asia Studies, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 899-912.
    6. Evans, Alfred B. (2011), “The Failure of Democratization in Russia: A Comparative Perspective”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 40-51.
    7. Fish, M. S. (2001), “Democracy and Russian Politics”, In R. G. Moser and Z. Barany (Ed.), Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization, pp. 215–251, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    8. Fish, M. S. (2005), Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    9. Gill, Graeme (2006), “A New Turn to Authoritarian Rule in Russia?”, Journal of Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 58-77, Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510340500378258, (Accessed on: 23/10/2013).
    10. Godzimirski, J. M. (2008), Putin and Post-Soviet Identity- Building Blocks and Buzz Words, ME Sharpe: Publication of Problems of Post-Communism.
    11. Golosov, Grigorii V. (2011), “The Regional Roots of Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia”, Journal of Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 623-639.
    12. Guo, Sujian (1999), “Democratic Transition: A Critical Overview”, Issues and Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 133-148.
    13. Guseinov, A. A. (2009), “A Democracy for Russia, a Russia for Democracy”, Russian Studies in Philosophy, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 74-84.
    14. Gustafson, Thane (2012), “Putin’s Petroleum Problem: How Oil is Holding Russia Back and How It could Save it”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 83- 96.
    15. Haggard, Stephan and Robert R. Kaufman (1997), “The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions”, Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 263-283.
    16. Hahn, G. A. (2004), “Managed Democracy? Putin’s Stealth Authoritarianism in St. Petersburg”, The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 195-231.
    17. Hale, H. E. (2014), “Russia’s Political Parties and their Substitutes”, in: Stephen White, Richard Sawka and Henry E. Hale (ed.), Developments in Russian Politics, pp. 77–96, Durham DC: Duke University Press.
    18. Hanson, S. E. (2001), “Defining Democratic Consolidation”, in: Richard D. Anderson, Steven Fish, Stephen E. Hanson and Philip G. Roeder (ed.), Postcommunism and the Theory of Democracy, pp. 126- 151, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
    19. Huskey, E. (1999), Presidential Power in Russia, Armonk NY: M. E. Sharpe.
    20. Inglehart, R. and Others (1995-97), “World Values Surveys and European Values Surveys 1981-1984, 1990-1993 and 1995-1997”, Available at: https://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/pnorris/Acrobat/WVSCODE.PDF, (Accessed on: 12/9/2013).
    21. Judah, B. (2013), Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell in and out of Love with Vladimir Putin, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
    22. Kinsman, J. (2013), Russia and Democracy, European University, pp. 143–200, Available at:  https://www.academia.edu/6704664/Russia_and_Democracy_-_Diplomats_Handbook_3rd_edition_case_study_by_Ambassador_Jeremy_Kinsman_edited_by_KB, (Accessed on: 11/12/2014).
    23. Krastev, Ivan and Stephen Holmes (2012), “An Autopsy of Managed Democracy”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 33-45.
    24. McFaul, M. (2000), “Russia under Putin: One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 19-33.
    25. McFaul, M. (2004), “State of Siege: Putin’s Strong Hand is Failing Russia”, Washington Post, Center for Global Policy, Available at:  http://carnegietsinghua.org/publications/?fa=15793, (Accessed on: 11/8/ 2014).
    26. McFaul, Michael and Kathryne Stoner-Weiss (2008), “The Myth of the Authoritarianism Model: How Putin’s Crackdown Holds Russia Back”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 87, No. 1, pp. 68-84.
    27. Medvedev, R. A. (1975), On Socialist Democracy, New York: Norton.
    28. Meyer, A. G. (1984), Communism, New York: Random House.
    29. Miller, Arthure H. and Vicki L. Hesli and William M. Reisinger (1997), “Conceptions of Democracy Among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 157-190.
    30. New York Times (2010), “Russia’s Dictatorship of Law”, November 20, Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/opinion/21sun2.html?_r=0, (Accessed on: 12/11/2015).
    31. Okara, Andrei (2007), “Sovereign Democracy: A New Russian Idea or a PR Project?”, Russia in Global Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 8-20.
    32. Orttung, Robert W. (2013), Russia 2013, Institute for European, Russian and Eurasian Studies at the George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs, The World Bank, World Development Indicators, pp. 452- 473.
    33. Partlett, W. (2012), “Can Russia Keep Faking Democracy?”, Brookings, pp. 1-3, Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/can-russia-keep-faking-democracy/, (Accessed on: 8/9/2013).
    34. Pavliva, Halia and Vladimir Kuznetsov (2013), “Prosperity Adds More Gazprom as Putin Pushes Improvement”, pp. 1-3, Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-03-06/westman-ending-10-year-gazprom-hiatus-russia-overnight, (Accessed on: 17/2/2015).
    35. Putin, V. (2006), “Mineral Natural Resources in the Strategy for Development of the Russian Economy”, Journal of Problems of Post- Communism, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 48-54.
    36. Robinson, N. (2003), “The Politics of Russia’s Partial Democracy”, Political Studies Review, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 149-166.
    37. Rose, R. and N. Munro (2002), Elections without Order: Russia's Challenge to Vladimir Putin, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    38. Shevtsova, L. (2009), “The Kremlin Kowtow”, Foreign Policy, pp. 1-5, Available at: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/2010/01/05/kremlin-kowtow/eia, (Accessed on: 11/10/ 2012).
    39. Shugart, M. S. (1993), “Of Presidents and Parliaments”, East European Constitutional Online, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 30-32.
    40. Simes, Dimitri and Paul J. Saunders (2009), “The Kremlin Begs to Differ”, The National Interests, pp. 1-4, Available at: http://nationalinterest.org/article/the-kremlin-begs-to-differ-3280, (Accessed on: 12/5/2013).
    41. Slider, D. (2005), “Politics in the Regions”, pp. 168-185, in: Stephen White (ed.), Developments in Russian Politics 6, Durham DC: Duke University Press.
    42. Transparency International (2012), Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2012, Available at: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/2012_TI_CPI/$FILE/2012%20TI%20CPI.pdf, (Accessed on: 9/6/2014).
    43. Treisman, D. (2011), “Presidential popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 590-609.
    44. Wheeler, N. (2003), Russia’s Democratic Dilemmas, Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center, Available at: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/russias-democratic-dilemmas, (Accessed on: 7/2/2014).
    45. White, Stephen (2008), Politicsand Ruling Group in Putin’s Russia, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.
    46. Whitefield, Stephen (2009), “Representational Consistency: Stability and Change in Political Cleavages in Central and Eastern Europe”, Politics and Policy, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 667-690
مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی
دوره 9، شماره 2
پاییز و زمستان
مهر 1395
صفحه 213-230

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار